Everything about The Treaty Of Roskilde totally explained
The
Treaty of Roskilde was signed on
February 26,
1658 in the
Danish city of
Roskilde. After a devastating defeat in the
Northern Wars (1655-1661), the
King of
Denmark-Norway was forced to give up nearly half his territory to save the rest. The treaty's conditions included:
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Skåne to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Blekinge to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Danish province Halland, which under the terms of the Peace of Brömsebro, negotiated in 1645 was then occupied by Sweden for a term of 30 years, to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Danish province of Bornholm to Sweden.
- The immediate cession of the Norwegian province of Båhus to Sweden. This effectively secured for Sweden unrestricted access to western trade.
- The immediate cession of the Norwegian provinces of Trøndelag to Sweden.
- Danish renunciation of all anti-Swedish alliances.
- Danish prevention of any warships hostile to Sweden passing through the straits into the Baltic.
- Restoration of the Duke of Holstein-Gottrop to his estates.
- Danish payment for Swedish occupation forces costs.
- Danish provision of troops to serve Charles in his broader wars.
Background
As the Northern Wars progressed, Charles X Gustav of Sweden crossed the frozen straits from Jutland and occupied the Danish island of Zealand, with the invasion beginning on February 11, 1658. A preliminary treaty, the Treaty of Taastrup, was signed on February 18, 1658 with the final treaty, the Treaty of Roskilde, signed on February 26 1658.
Although Sweden also invaded
Romsdal, Norway the farmers there defied the Swedish taxes and military conscription vigorously, and the Swedish governor was forced to send a full company of soldiers, and 50 cavalry besides, to collect taxes. The occupation wasn't successful.
Epilogue
The Swedish king wasn't content with his stunning victory, and at the
Swedish Council held at
Gottorp on
July 7, Charles X Gustav resolved to wipe his inconvenient rival from the map of
Europe. Without any warning, in defiance of international treaty, he ordered his troops to attack
Denmark-Norway a second time. There followed an attack on the capital
Copenhagen, whose residents successfully defended themselves with help from the
Dutch, who honored their 1649 treaty to defend Denmark against unprovoked invasion by sending an expeditionary fleet and army, defeating the Swedish fleet in the
Battle of the Sound and relieving the capital. His army partly trapped at
Landskrona and partly isolated on the Danish islands by superior Danish and Dutch forces under Vice-Admiral
Michiel de Ruyter, Charles was in 1659 forced to withdraw.
The few months of experience with Swedish taxation and conscription left such a bitter taste that it strengthened Dano-Norwegian unity and patriotism, making resistance to Swedish invasions of Denmark-Norway stronger over the next 80 years. This old paragraph is still referred to by a subset of Scanians demanding regional independence and recognition.
Further Information
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